Improper burning is the cause of black smoke coming from a boiler. If the oil does not burn normally, it will produce a dark-colored smoke that may be seen from the vent directly out of the boiler. Improper burning can have several causes including an improper mixture of air and oil, blocked fuel nozzles, an obstructed vent or duct or a bad electrical circuit. It can also be caused by oil building up in the combustion chamber due to delayed ignition. This is known as "puff back" and is dangerous as the excess oil can suddenly ignite, causing a shooting flame and potentially splattering oil out of the boiler. A professional repairman can inspect the combustion chamber as well as air and fuel settings to determine the exact cause of improper burning.
The main causes which tends to heavy black smoke are
1. Air supplied is insufficient
2. Atomization in fuel oil is poor.
3. Guns are not in clean condition,
4. If the fuel oil is not properly prepared i.e. temperature and viscosity of fuel oil is not as per the requirement,
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